There are a total of 4139 ecological assets included in the water-dependent asset register for the Gippsland Basin bioregion preliminary assessment extent (PAE). Of these, 922 are listed in the ‘Surface water feature’ subgroup, 30 in the ‘Subsurface groundwater feature’ subgroup and 3187 in the ‘Vegetation’ subgroup (Table 7). All surface water features, classed as either ‘Lake, reservoir, lagoon or estuary’; ‘Wetland, wetland complex or swamp’; or ‘Marsh, sedgeland, bog, spring or soak’, were assumed to be water dependent and included as such in the water-dependent asset register. Only one class of the ‘Groundwater feature’ subgroup was identified within the Gippsland Basin PAE (‘aquifer, geological feature, alluvium or stratum’) and all 30 assets were considered water dependent. Within the vegetation subgroup, 1029 assets were sourced from the GDE Atlas (Bureau of Meteorology, Dataset 1). Of these, 105 assets were considered not to be water dependent. A further 38 groundwater-dependent ecosystem assets were sourced from state groundwater-dependent ecosystem mapping in East and West Gippsland (Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 2014b — all of which are water dependent. A further 2815 assets classified as ‘Habitat (potential species distribution or observed locations)’ complete the vegetation subgroup, of which 2225 are water-dependent assets.
Table 7 Summary of ecological assets within the preliminary assessment extent (PAE) of the Gippsland Basin bioregion
1.3.2.1.1 Wetlands, surface water and groundwater features
A total of 24 wetlands are present within the Gippsland Basin PAE that are listed nationally under A directory of important wetlands in Australia (Australian Government Department of the Environment, Dataset 2) and occur in the ‘Wetland, wetland complex or swamp’ class (Table 7), providing habitat for many assets. Two wetlands are also listed as Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance (Gippsland Lakes and Corner Inlet). A further 898 surface water features are considered water dependent (Table 7). Additional water features are listed in the GDE Atlas; however, these are presented in the ‘Vegetation’ subgroup (Table 7). Thirty assets included in the water-dependent asset register in the ‘Groundwater feature’ subgroup are aquifers that occur in the PAE. These aquifers are assumed to be water dependent.
1.3.2.1.2 Vegetation
Within the water-dependent asset register, 77% of assets are assigned to the ‘Vegetation’ subgroup, with 23% of these assets are classified as groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Included in the vegetation subgroup are the observed locations and potential distribution of individual flora and fauna species. Many of these species are either protected nationally under the Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) or under state legislation through Victoria’s Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG Act). Additionally, flora and fauna may be listed under the Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries threatened species advisory lists (Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 2013, 2014a).
Four threatened ecological communities are EPBC Act listed (Table 8). All communities are considered critically endangered and are considered water dependent due to presence within the maximum floodplain extent in the PAE, intersection with surface water features and/or presence over shallow groundwater.
A total of 115 EPBC Act-listed species with potential spatial habitat distribution within the PAE are included. The habitats of 81 species are considered water dependent (Table 9) based on their association with floodplain or riparian communities adjacent to permanent open water bodies or presence in drainage, soakage or wetland areas. This includes the following species: 54 bird, ten plant, six mammal, four frog, three fish, three reptile and one invertebrate (Table 9). The remaining 34 species habitats are not considered water dependent due to their association with wet sclerophyll or rainforest; grassland, dry woodland or forest or heathland (Table 10). Fifteen habitats were related to birds, ten to plants, six to mammals, one to fish, and one to reptile. Some of these habitat distributions either occur only outside the PAE or habitats are associated with that of widespread migratory birds.
Table 8 Threatened ecological communities listed under the Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 within the preliminary assessment extent (PAE) of the Gippsland Basin bioregion
Table 9 Species listed under the Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 within the preliminary assessment extent (PAE) of the Gippsland Basin bioregion determined as potentially water dependent (based on a literature review of habitat requirements)
Although examples of individual species are listed, bioregional assessments consider the potential impact to the habitat of species not individual species per se.
Data: Department of the Environment (Dataset 3)
Punctuation and typography appear as used in the asset database.
Table 10 Species listed under the Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 within the preliminary assessment extent (PAE) of the Gippsland Basin bioregion determined as unlikely to be water dependent (based on a literature review of habitat requirements)
Although examples of individual species are listed, bioregional assessments consider the potential impact to the habitat of species not individual species per se.
Data: Department of the Environment (Dataset 3)
Punctuation and typography appear as used in the asset database.
The habitat locations of 147 FFG Act-protected species occur within the PAE. Of these, 135 are considered water dependent as they are present within the maximum PAE floodplain extent, intersect surface water features and/or occur in areas with shallow groundwater. This includes the habitat locations of 51 birds, 36 plants, 17 fish, 16 mammals, five frogs, four marine species, four reptiles and two invertebrates (Table 11). The remaining 12 habitat locations are not water dependent and include seven plants, four birds and one mammal.
Similarly, 122 observed fauna species habitat locations are included under the Victorian advisory listing (Table 12), of which 114 are considered water dependent. These include the habitat locations of 59 birds, 23 fish, eight frogs, six reptiles, 10 mammals, four invertebrates and four marine species. The habitat locations of one bird and two mammals are not considered water dependent. A total of 102 plant species are listed of which 97 are considered water dependent.
The water-dependent asset register contains 924 assets from the GDE Atlas (Bureau of Meteorology, Dataset 1). The GDE Atlas identifies ecosystems which include springs, wetlands, rivers and vegetation that interact with the subsurface presence or surface expression of groundwater. Within the asset register, there are 156 groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) that rely on the subsurface presence of groundwater, and 768 GDEs that rely on the surface expression of groundwater.
Within the subsurface GDEs, 91 are considered not water dependent as they are assigned a ‘low’ potential for interaction with groundwater in the GDE Atlas. Of the remaining 156 subsurface GDEs, 76 are classified with a ‘high potential’ and 80 with a ‘medium potential’ in the GDE Atlas, indicating water dependence. A total of 14 surface water GDEs are considered not to be water dependent (‘low potential’) with 538 classified as ‘high potential’ and 230 classified as ‘medium potential’.
A further 38 GDEs derived from Victorian Government state mapping (Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 2014a) are also included in the asset register. All are considered water dependent as they occur in the PAE maximum flood extent, intersect surface water features and/or occur in areas with shallow groundwater.
The vegetation subgroup of the asset register includes 198 ecological vegetation communities, of which 196 are considered water dependent as well as five water-dependent Important Bird Areas. Eighty-three Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD) areas occur in the PAE and include nature conservation reserves (e.g. New Zealand Hill Bushland Reserve) and natural feature reserves (e.g. Longford Natural Features Reserve). Areas of plantation forest considered in the asset register total 1850 of which 1359 are considered water dependent.
Table 11 Species listed under Victoria’s Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 determined as potentially water dependent according to spatial analysis (Section 1.3.1)
Although examples of individual species are listed, bioregional assessments consider the potential impact to the habitat of species not individual species per se.
Data: Department of the Environment (Dataset 3); Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries (Dataset 4, Dataset 5)
Punctuation and typography appear as used in the asset database.
Table 12 Species listed under the Victorian Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning threatened species advisory list determined as potentially water dependent according to spatial analysis
Although examples of individual species are listed, bioregional assessments consider the potential impact to the habitat of species not individual species per se.
Data: Advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria 2013 (Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 2013); Advisory list of rare or threatened plants in Victoria 2014 (Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 2014a)
NA=data not available. These species are designated important to the community but are not protected under legislation.
Punctuation and typography appear as used in the asset database.